PRACTICAL INFORMATION IN DETAIL AND PRECAUTIONS

LABORATORIES EQUIPMENT

1]Safety goggles: One must wear safety goggles in the chemistry lab. It protects the eyes from irritation that may arise from any chemical or fumes coming out during the experiment. In case of any accidental splashing of chemicals or acids, it also protects us from the blindness of the eyes Safety Goggles

2]Lab Apron: Lab apron has a similar role as the safety goggles, but here the difference just being that instead of protecting just the eyes, it is usedprevention of any injury in case of spills or splashes. for prevention of any injury in case of spills or splashes. Lab apron

3]Latex gloves: These gloves are useful in handling chemicals, acids, or any solutions to prevent direct contact from these chemicals with the bare hand sand skin. Latex gloves

4]Beakers: Beakers are cylindrical utensils made up of borosilicate glass, with a flat bottom and the upper opening having a rim around it along with a spout. The spout on their rim’s aids in the proper pouring of solutions and they do not have any covering on the top. Most of the time watch glasses are used to cover their solutions. They are of varying sizes and are used to hold, heat, or mix substances with a proper measure. Although they come with graduated calibrations, they are not meant for precise calculations of solutions, and as such other apparatus come handy in this.Beaker image

5]Conical flasks: Conical flask, also known as Erlenmeyer flask, is an apparatus having a flat bottom and a long narrow neck, which allows easy mixing of the solution without spilling out the content. Since the flask has a narrow long neck, it is also used to gently heat the content inside with a gentle swirling motion of the flask. The flask can also be covered using a rubber cap or cork. One should always remember never to heat any flask with its cap on as it will lead to pressure and gas build up inside the closed flask and lead to explosions.conical flask image

6]Boiling flask: Boiling flasks, also known as Florence flask, has a round bottom with a long neck. It can be capped using rubber or glass stoppers and is mostly used to hold solutions that can be easily heated with proper swirling motions for proper mixing.Boiling flask image

7]Test tubes: The next very common apparatus are the test tubes. They are usually cylindrical pipes made up of glass, with a circular opening on one side and a rounded bottom on the other. They come in different sizes but the most common standard size is 18*150 mm. Test tubes are one of the most important apparatus as they are functional from storing to mixing reagents in any chemical or biological reactions. They become very handy when a large number of samples need to be tested for qualitative assessment of any test.Test tube image

8]Watch glass: This apparatus is made up of a concave piece of glass. It is normally used to hold solids, evaporate liquids, and heat small quantities of different substances as per the need of the experiment. Sometimes, they also become functional in serving as a lid for the beakers.watch glass

9]Crucibles: Crucibles are made up of porcelain and are used to store and heat substances when required to be heated at high temperatures since glassware is not always suitable for such high heat involving experiments.crucible image

10]Funnels: Funnels are necessary equipment to pour substances and solutions in narrow-mouthed test tubes and conical flasks. There is variety of its available, the most common ones are filter, thistle, and dropping funnels.Funnel photo

11]Graduated cylinders: These are some cylindrical apparatus with several markings up and down the length of the container with the primary function dealing with proper measurement of a specific volume of liquid with precision. While taking readings, one needs to be careful to take into consideration the reading with respect to the meniscus of the liquid. measuring cylinder image

12]Volumetric flasks: This is one of the most important glassware of any lab, which is made up of glass and is calibrated to hold a precise volume of liquids at any precise temperature. Different sizes of volumetric flasks are available, each calibrated for exact measurement of liquids and solutions. It is mostly used in the preparation of standard solutions. Volumetric flask

13]Droppers: The dropper, also known as Pasteur pipette, is a common small apparatus, usually made up of plastic or glass cylinder, having a small nozzle on one side and a rubber holder on the other. It is used to put the liquids or solutions in any medium dropwise, that is, one drop at a time, necessary equipment when any reagent is required in an extremely small amount in a solution. dropper image

14]Pipettes: Pipettes are of varying sizes, designed for accomplishing specific goals of volumes. These are narrow glass cylindrical pipes, used for measuring an exact volume of liquid and placing it into another container. pipette

15]Burettes: A very popular equipment, mostly used in the titration reactions, and is a handful in delivering a known volume of any substance to other equipment. This apparatus is a long-graduated tube, with a stopcock present at the lower end and a narrow opening at the bottom. They are usually set up by using a burette clamp in combination with a ring stand. It usually comes in the sizes of 10ml, 25ml, or 50ml. burette image

16]Ring stands, rings, and clamps: These are the apparatus that are used to suspend burettes, flasks, crucibles, etc. either above other containers or above Bunsen burners for heating purposes. While heating these flasks, wire mesh is a necessary apparatus for the even distribution of the heat. retort stand images

17]Tongs and forceps: Tongs, though not much in use, are common and basic apparatus in any lab. They are used to grasp and lift hot vessels and harmful substances during any kind of reaction taking place in the lab. Forceps are used to grab small things like solid chemicals that are broken into chunks. Tongs and forceps

18]Spatulas and scopulas: These laboratory spatulas are very much similar to the kitchen like spatulas found in our home but they are just very smaller in size in comparison. The spatulas are usually resistant to heat and acids, hence making them suitable for large range use in the laboratory experiments. spatulas image

19]Thermometer: Every lab is equipped with a basic thermometer as many a time, certain chemical or biological reaction can be carried out in any particular temperature range only and so to proceed, the thermometer becomes very necessary to measure the temperature of the required solution before moving forward with further reaction procedure. lab Thermometer image

20]Bunsen burner: This apparatus produces a single open flame and it is used for heating and sterilization purposes in the various experiments conducted in labs. Bunsen burner image

21]Litmus and filter papers: These two cannot be called apparatus in a proper way, but they serve as one of the most important and basic things that will be required in any kind of laboratories. The litmus paper serves to identify the pH of any solution by changing colors whereas, the filter paper serves in the filtration process 

All above information is taken from official website www.labkafe.com.for further more details click on the link given below 

https://www.labkafe.com/blog/17_a-list-of-chemistry-laboratory-apparatus-and-their-uses.html

LABORATORY PRECAUTIONS AND SAFETY PROCEDURES

LAB SAFETY

 

1. No food or drink is allowed in lab unless food or drinks are provided as a part of the lab. Even though lab tables and counters are wiped down before each lab set up, as a result of some laboratory exercises, chemical residues may be present on the tables. For labs exercises involving food or drinks, lab assistants and instructors will follow procedures that allow safe consumption. Smoking is prohibited in all University buildings.

2. Shoes must be worn in lab.

3. If you have very long hair, please tie it back in the laboratory.

4. Handle chemicals, reagents, and stains carefully and follow all warnings. All bottles and containers are labeled as to contents and potential hazards. If, for example, a label says avoid contact with substance and fumes, do so. For potentially hazardous chemicals, information on the hazards, proper handling, and clean-up is provided on Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). These are available in the lab. It is highly recommended that you spend the first few minutes of the lab consulting the MSDS.

5. Read all precautions in the laboratory manual and on labels and follow directions exactly.

6. Always double-check the name of the reagent to be used and the name of the reagent you are using. Reagent bottles should remain stoppered, except when you are actually pouring solutions out of them. Always replace the stopper or lid of stock solutions or stains. Be sure to put them on the container they came from.

 Take only as much as you need and never return leftover solutions to a reagent bottle. Discard leftovers in the proper container.

7. Do not use your thumb as a stopper. Swirl gently or put a piece of parafilm over the opening to mix solutions.

8. Label all test tubes and other containers with contents.

9. Do not pour reagents and chemicals down the sink. Dispose of these only in designated containers.

10. Put plant remains in the designated containers. Do not discard solids or plant materials down the sinks. They will clog up the sink. Use specified containers for such wastes

11. Be sure to use caution when using razor blades to prepare lab materials. Put the used blades into the designated container from which you obtained them. Do not leave them loose on the desks or counters. Never put razor blades in the wastepaper basket.

12. If glassware accidentally becomes broken, carefully clean it up with a broom and dustpan. Dispose of the broken glass in containers labeled FOR BROKEN GLASS ONLY.

13. When using hot plates, unplug them before you leave the lab.

14. If you notice that the cord on a hot plate or microscope has become frayed and wires are showing, report this immediately to the instructor.

15. If you are in doubt about directions for an experiment or activity or about use or disposal of materials, ask first before acting.

16. Your instructor will review with you the location and, where applicable, use of the safety equipment in the laboratory including:

MSDS files

emergency phone

first aid kit

fire extinguisher

eyewash

OTHER LABORATORY PROCEDURES

1. When getting solutions for your experiments or stains for experiments or observations, put the containers or bottles back in their designated place after you have used them.

2. Unless directed to do so, do not eat our specimens.

Greenhouse materials, for example, are often sprayed with hazardous materials.

3. Do not waste paper towels or any other lab materials.

4. You are expected to clean up after yourselves:

· Take labels from test tubes and/or beakers.

· Wash all glassware and put it back where you found it.

· Place all dirty slides and cover slips in the designated containers.

· Leave tables clean when you leave the lab. Throw away any trash you generate. Wipe up water, other liquids, soil, and plant material. Be sure to discard extra plant material in the designated containers.

· Return the prepared slides in the proper slide tray.

· Take the slide off the stage of your microscope, put the scanning (3X) lens in place, and return your microscope to its proper place in the microscope cabinet.

All above information is taken from official website www.csus.edu.for further more details click on the link given below

https://www.csus.edu/indiv/r/reihmanm/b12safe.htm